This course focuses on materials used under extreme conditions for aerospace applications, mainly high-temperature materials (e.g., Ni-based superalloys), coating systems (especially thermal and environmental barrier coating systems), and lightweight materials (e.g., Al, Ti, and composites). These material systems for extreme conditions are compared to standard materials, which are already familiar to the students. The focus will be on materials for turbines, (reusable) rocket engines, and structural components for aerospace structures. For these applications, material selection is discussed, manufacturing routines are highlighted, and the understanding of fundamental material behaviour is deepened. In detail, creep mechanisms, diffusion, oxidation, high-temperature corrosion, failure mechanisms, and thermal stability of the microstructure are covered in this course.