The course introduces the objectives, components and principles of grounding systems. Empirical models for risk of electrocution and perception are identified, using relevant IEEE and IEC industrial standards. Methods for characterizing soil resistivity are demonstrated and then related to electrical characteristics of typical service entrance, line and station ground grid electrodes. Much of the course focus is on 60-Hz analysis but the scope will include considerations for dc and lightning impulse performance, including testing of transfer impedance from lightning protection systems to victim circuits and components.