This graduate seminar provides a systematic introduction to the variety of primary sources and archives essential for historical research on China ( from twelfth century to present). Drawing on extensive archival and printed materials related to pre-1911 and Republican and PRC law, government, local history, and literati writings, the course trains students to identify, evaluate, and use diverse source types. It complements HIS1673H, which focuses on secondary writings and debates and does not deal with primary sources.