This course presents experimental approaches to cell physiology, with particular attention to electrical and optical recordings, and how these measurements can be employed to study the intrinsic membrane properties of various cell types, and the mechanisms of cell signalling and secretion. The main objective of the course is to provide graduate students with the opportunity to understand physiological techniques commonly used in multiple fields, including neurobiology, endocrinology, cardiovascular, respiratory, developmental, and reproductive physiology. The course will focus on assisting the students with a contemporary understanding of not only the principles of the selected techniques, but also their applications and limitations. The course provides opportunities to participate in and/or to observe hands-on experiments with selected techniques, as well as related data analysis.