The objective of the course is to investigate the reaction of tissues to forces created by orthodontic and functional appliances. The areas to be covered are: a) Reaction of the periodontal ligament, cortical bone, attached and free gingiva, the root and the pulp to orthodontic tooth movement with heavy and light forces; b) Muscle reaction to orthodontic and orthopedic forces; and c) The condyle. Students are required to write a term paper on a particular topic and to present this paper to the class. Students are required to plan an original project in conjunction with their term paper topic.