Only sound, music, and voices that are listened to register in popular consciousness and become part of culture and history. This course surveys literature in the ethnomusicology, anthropology, and sound studies of listening, foregrounding often invisible listeners and cultures of listening that make audibility possible and set its requirements. In a world-spanning investigation of cultures of listening, we consider the role of listening in crafting soundscapes, recordings, and voices, with particular attention to modern technological transformations of listening culture. We consider alternative cultures of listening, including considering what listening means beyond sound; and we turn our attention to the margins of societies, cultures, and histories which can be heard if we learn how to listen.