The purpose of this guided discussion/seminar course is to identify and understand what scientific thinking is and how it is applied to the discovery of new knowledge. We will explore two key paradigms in the modern and classical understanding of scientific thinking and analyze four under-recognized papers that represent the highest execution of that thinking. In turn, we will discuss the "reproducibility crisis" in modern science and try to understand the social and psychological factors that contribute to it. Finally, through open discussion, we will try to understand how we can best conduct ourselves within this framework.